The Period Of Medieval Japan - 2803 Words

The long, battle-weary, four hundred year period from the late twelfth century through the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Muromachi period (1336-1573), and well into the sixteenth century is referred to as Japan’s medieval period. The imperial government’s authority was deteriorating, the provinces were in chaos as warrior clans fought amongst themselves, and regional military chieftains challenged the imperial government for the right to rule. Medieval Japan saw the development of feudalism and a militaristic society led by samurai clans. The Gempei War, Shokyu War, Mongol Invasions, Kemmu Restoration, and The Onin War are five key turning points in Japan’s transition from a centralized imperial government to feudalism. These conflicts also demonstrate the evolution of the samurai ethos. Though the Kamakura period marked the beginning of warrior class rule in Japan, events in the late Heian period provided the means for samurai clans to rise to positions of power. The increase in the number and size of shoen (private estates exempt from government taxation) resulted in a significant decline of the imperial government’s authority. â€Å"By the twelfth century, it was estimated that only about one-tenth of land remained in the public domain under the authority of the provincial governors.† (Hane Perez p. 76) The lack of taxable land prevented the government from acquiring the financial resources necessary to maintain a national military. As the central government’s militaryShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Medieval Japan And Medieval Europe812 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Essay- Shogunate Japan and Medieval Europe When people think of â€Å"Medieval†, they often relate this to Europe. However, there was once a Medieval Japan too, and this time stretched from 1185-1868 CE. During this period, Shoguns ruled Japan, and they defined it as â€Å"Medieval† because, just like Europe society in Japan at this time was feudal in structure. Medieval Europe lasted from the 5th to the 15th century, and was often referred to as Christendom, because most civilians were ChristiansRead MoreReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan1305 Words   |  6 PagesReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan Social Hierarchy after Urbanization Religion did not have as much of an impact on daily life and the overall development of Japan as it did Europe. For instance the maximum of the wars were fought for wealth or power, not religion, but what it did do was influence certain features. The people in Japan stuck to their original Shinto religion when Buddhism was involuntary forced on them, b ut soon after they discovered Zen Buddhism; a practice that wasRead MoreEssay on Japanese Martial Arts1263 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Martial Arts In Japan, especially during the earlier periods of Japanese history such as the Tokugawa, physical adeptness was much revered and valued. This was mainly because of the fact that these strengths were the basis on which much of the population depended upon for survival during these fairly turbulent periods. Throughout time, Japan has been a very organized and scrupulous society, and even its style of physical combat has been sorted into specific categories accordingRead MoreThe Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religious, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority whileRead MoreReflection of Modern East Asia887 Words   |  4 Pagesregion. In subsequent classes, we were introduced to the major wars, political shifts, and economic interests which shaped Japan, China and Korea to what they are today. We examined the paradigm of pre-modern Japanese governance, the Shogunate, and the trained warriors which defended lord and land, Samurai. In addition, we examined the socio-economic classes of Medieval Japan, which included the Samurai, peasants, craftsmen, and the merchants. We also examined pre-1945 Japan’s policies toward foreignRead MoreThe Poetry of Tosa Nikki and Oku No Hosomichi Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe origins of kiko, or travel literature, in Japan spans to well over 1000 years ago. One of the earliest examples of kiko is Ki no Tsurayuki’s Tosa nikki, a diary which Tsurayuki wrote most likely in 935 during the Heian period of Japan. Another important example of kiko, which is similar in ways yet also very dissimilar to Ki no Tsurayuki’s Tosa nikki, due in part to the many years that the two are separated by in terms of when they were composed, is Matsuo Basho’s Oku no hosomichi, or NarrowRead MoreBook Exploration of State of War: The Violent Order of Fourteenth Century Japan by Thomas Donald Conlan 1229 Words   |  5 PagesBook Exploration State of War: The Violent Order of Fourteenth Century Japan by Thomas Donald Conlan tracks the events in Japan between 1336 and 1392. Conlan provides his wisdom on how state and society operated in the Nanbokucho period through various source documents portraying the warriors not by their romanticized â€Å"knights of the round table† ideal, but rather showing that while there were alliances of connivence, they could be broken just as easily as they were made, revealing that pragmatismRead MoreInfluence of the Samurai on Modern Japanese Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly in today’s society. However, none of these groups is more known or referenced than the Japanese Samurai. Originating in 646 AD, these Japanese warriors developed from a loose organization of farmers to the dominant social class in Feudal Japan. Along with their dominant military and political standing, the samurai brought with them a unique code or moral belief that became the core of Samurai culture. Because of this, the Samurai and their principles still affect modern day Japanese societyRead MoreThe Japanese Epic, The Tales Of The Heike Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagespondering about. Many American millennials categorize the sexes in certain behavior patterns and we often do not realize it. Gender roles in a culture is defined more than just by the physical discrepancies. Similar to Korea and China, Japan is influenced by Confucian ideas. Japan was a somewhat reasonable matriarchal society until Confucian ideas traveled from China. The crucial principles of Confucian culture puts emphasis on the family. Nevertheless both men and women had a common expectation under ConfucianRead MoreThe Roots Of Tea From Japan1472 Words   |  6 Pages TYPOLOGY REPORT INTA3222: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ASSESMENT 2 NAME: ANNA LI STUDENT NUMBER: 3415239 TUTOR: BELLA DUNSTAN WORD COUNT: The roots of tea settled in Japan during 1191, marking the beginnings of Japanese tea ceremonies and architecture. The architecture of teahouses in Japan bloomed slowly, with the birth of tea masters and disciples. The architects of these spaces were credited with the art of tea before the analysis and creations of rooms to share this art. Many of these

The Death Penalty Is Immoral And Violates Human Rights

Punishment by death for people convicted of certain crimes also known as the death penalty is unethical. There are currently 31 states including New Hampshire, in the U.S. with the death penalty and 19 states without. The death penalty is immoral and violates human rights. In some parts of the United States we have a biased criminal justice system which can lead to false an unlawful sentence to death. The death penalty also has irreversible outcomes if proven innocent, it doesn’t lower crime rates, and it is very expensive. The death penalty is just contributing to the cycle of violence, retribution is not the answer. The Government should not and is not allowed to take a human life, it is immoral and goes against Articles: 3, 5, and 9 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 3 states â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person† which means, every person has a right to live, criminal or not. Article 5 states â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,† and lastly, Article 9 states â€Å"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.† Punishment by death is violating every aspect of these articles (Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations, n.d.). In 1976, the United States Supreme Court removed the mandatory death penalty, stating that it was inhumane and also violated the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (Mandatory Death Penalty, n.d.). TheShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty Argumentative Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty, or capital punishment, is the execution of an offender that is sentenced to death by a court of law for a criminal offense.   This type of punishment for inmates is involved in controversy over whether or not it is an acceptable form of punishment for criminals and also whether or not it is immoral.   There are many arguments for both sides of the debate, each making valid points and pointing out the flaws of the opposing position. Many religions are either for or against capitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment903 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty Capital punishment have been a main debate on whether it is a cruel and unusual punishment and what it actually consist of. Even though the death penalty has been abolished in most of the western nation, the United States remain to practice the activity. The death penalty is perceived by an abolitionist as a form of cruel, unusual punishment. The idea comes from the fact that the death penalty deny the criminal their right to life. The judgment to execute criminals comes from governmentRead MoreAgainst The Death Penalty Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst the Death Penalty â€Å"Murder is wrong† (â€Å"Capital Punishment†). We’ve been taught this indisputable truth since childhood. The death penalty is defined as one human taking the life of another. Coincidentally, that is a classification of murder. There are as many as thirty-six states with the death penalty, and it’s essential that they change it. The United States needs the death penalty abolished because it is filled with flaws, cruel and immoral, and is an ineffective means of deterrentRead MoreThe Issue Of Capital Punishment Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesalso known as death penalty is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been implemented by many states and used for barbaric crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity and violent crimes. There are mixed reactions on capital punishment depending on one’s faith. In my vi ew, I am not in favor of capital punishment as I strongly believe that death penalty is unacceptableRead MoreCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Deadly Mistake1244 Words   |  5 Pageswords. What would they be? The execution of a human being is irreversible and should not be allowed anywhere. The death penalty is a crime in itself and should not be used as a form of punishment. I believe that the death penalty should be overturned in the U.S. because it is a slow and very expensive process that has been proven to be discriminatory in a lot of cases, and simply is immoral. IMMORAL Supporters of the death penalty argue that it brings closure to the victim’(s)Read MoreThe Death Penalty As A Form Of Punishment1491 Words   |  6 Pages The Death Penalty Elizabeth del Rio San Jose State University Abstract This paper will propose all the arguments for and against the use of the death penalty as a form of punishment. The death penalty, also known as Capital Punishment, is a punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Applied975 Words   |  4 PagesCourt ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, removing over 600 prisoners from death row. The justices described the application of the death penalty as arbitrarily, random, and discriminatory. Justice Potter Stewart remarked that the death penalty like being â€Å"struck by lightning† and that â€Å"if society s ultimate punishment cannot be applied fairly, it should not be applied at all†  ¹. Of the 22,000 homicides committed every year, less than 100 people are sentenced to death, and politics, theRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1080 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1608, legal systems have used capital punishment as justice. â€Å"As of November 2014, 32 states have the death penalty. There have been a total of 1348 executions from January 1977 to the end of 2014† (capitalpunishmentuk). The capital punishment only affects those who sentenced in the crime of rape or murder. The most popular death method is lethal injection. There are other options such as â€Å"electrocution, hanging, shooting, and the gas chamber† (capitalpunishmentuk) but theses alternativeRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 Pagesconcluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a government to exec ute a person who has committed a crime. People that agree with using the death penalty, will argue that

Sociological perspectives free essay sample

Functionalism is a perspective on social aspects (religion, political, kinship/family etc) function all together to meet the needs of their society. System stability is what functionalism is based on rather than the individuals that make up society. Individuals are born into society and become part of their surroundings that are socialised by institutions such as family, education and religion. Their view is that if there is a change in one part of the society e. g political, it will change the others too. Almost like a set of parts, if one part breaks the rest will gradually begin to fall apart too as they only formed a whole together. Talcott Parsons also saw society as a system, however he argued that every social system has only four basic functional needs, adaptation, goal attainment, integration and pattern maintenance. All parts of the social system is understood as it contributes to meeting the functional needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological perspectives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Criticism There has been much criticism towards the functionalist perspective for not taking the negative functions of society into account, such as divorce. They don’t see change as a desirable thing as they believe society will change naturally if problems arise. Functionalism does not encourage or advise people to get involved or try to change their environment, even if change would benefit them. Marxism Marxism was originally from Karl Marx who gave a critical explanation of the development and structure of capitalist society. For instance, he would be against the owner of a large shop, claiming he was brainwashing them and it was slave labour. It is a system of economic, social and political philosophy. Marxism is based on ideas that economic factors will be the cause of social change. He thought the Proletariat would advance themselves and gain power engaging in conflict with the Bourgeoisie. The revolutions in Eastern Europe in the 20th Century were based on a Marxist theory. Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks and adapted this theory which formed a basis of social and economic organisation in the early years of the Soviet Union. It was false conflict as people were unable to recognise the real relationships of power and didn’t realise they were oppressed. Marxists believe that people should be entitled to enjoy life but are prevented by living in a capitalist economic system, as it has divided our society into two classes. The belief that there is a large struggle between social classes will be a major force in history and we will eventually live in a society which has no social classes. Criticism Critics have said that Marx’s theory and law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall are not consistent and smooth running as his conclusions didn’t follow from his theoretical premises.

Transgender Students on Colleges Needs and Challenges

Transgender Transgender is a term used to define a variety of groups of people who portray a deviation from the conventionally set gender identities. It is a case of one’s identity and has completely nothing to do with an individual’s sexual orientation because a transgender person can be heterosexual, bisexual, poly-sexual, pansexual, asexual or even homosexual (Beemyn, 2005, ).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Transgender Students on Colleges: Needs and Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transgender is a state of the person not identifying with the assigned gender, which is mostly because of appearance or genetics. In order to accommodate all the involved groups of people, there is no attributed definition of transgender due to the diversity of the subject. It is important therefore to note that a transgender person may portray characteristics of a given gender, or identify in a dif ferent place in the gender continuum or fail to associate with any of the traditional gender identities. According to Carter (1999), the definition of the term transgender keeps on evolving and therefore the meaning is dynamic. There is a need therefore to understand what is inclusive in the transgender definition through comparing it with other related terminologies. The term transsexual has its origin in the medical and psychological disciplines. Many people under the category of transsexuals have the belief that for one to fit in the category completely, they have to undergo a surgery (Beemyn, 2005, p.80). It is however possible to reassign this change of gender simply by the administration of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. The sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) sets the foundation for the transition from one gender identity to the next or even settling in between for transsexuals. Transsexuals are therefore considered as components under the umbrella of transgender. This follows the simple logic that the transsexuals undergo the transition for the desire to identify with a gender different from the one they were assigned at birth by considering their genitals.Advertising Looking for dissertation on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Identities inclusive in transgender According to Beemyn (2005, p.34), there is a number of overlapping identities that can be included in the transgender bracket. This includes the Cross-dressers/ transvestite, adrogynes, gender queer, drag queens and kings, and transsexuals. The category of transvestite fetishists is not included in transgender because it is regarded as rather a paraphilia and not a gender identity. In order to be considered a transgender, the person must portray the desire to identify with a sex different from the one that they were assigned at birth (Carter, 1999, p. 45). This leaves out the category of those people who are interse x. These people have characteristics such as genitalia that do not conform strictly to the definitions of the traditional alignments of gender. These people cannot be strictly transgender considering that they do not necessarily disagree with their assigned gender or current identity. The condition of portraying the desire to identify with the opposite sex has however been contested by some scholars interested in the discipline. These include Bilodeau (2005, p.30), who states that by choosing that as a determining factor, an equally important group; the cross dressers/ transvestite will be left out. This is because according to his definition of cross dressers, the people involved do not desire to identify with the opposite sex but only fancy wearing clothing that belongs to the opposite sex not because they want to feel like the opposite sex but simply because it is of the opposite sex. This locks out those people who dress clothes belonging to the opposite sex for other reasons. A clear understanding of the challenges and the needs of students under this category is important to ensure that their welfare is catered for. Challenges Discrimination According to Beemyn ,most institutions of higher learning have gender exclusive policies that marginalize the transgender students (2005, p.77).Cases have been recorded whereby transgender students feel completely out of place due to the policies that are in place in their institutions of learning.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Transgender Students on Colleges: Needs and Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He explores the forms of discriminatory policies that exist in these institutions. For instance, he gives an example of a situation from Ohio State University where the campus admission form expects applicants to check either the M or F boxes for their gender (Beemyn, 2005, p. 34). In this case, transgender students wishing to join the university felt completely left out in the process since some are not fully aware of where they belong. Beemyn (2005) goes further to address the different challenges that the students face in accessing services from different facilities in the campuses and colleges (p.102). For instance, in the halls of residence, there is a tendency by most institutions to brand a given hall as belonging to either male only or females only. This makes it difficult for transgender students to take campus housing as an option since they already feel left out by the system. Disapproval A more personal problem that transgender students face is that of disapproval. They encounter hostility due to their changing or already changed identities (Lombardi, Wilchins, Priesling, Malouf, 2001, p.100). Worth noting is that people consider this a source of violence and harassment. Hate crimes directed to the transgender students is rampant in many institutions of higher learning (Beemyn, 2005, p. 100). In situations where these students are faced with harassment and there are no organs put in place by the institutions to help them, some end up dropping out of school or getting psychologically affected which results into poor academic performances by the students. Some of the students have testified having faced disapproval that has eventually affected them to an extent to dropping out of school. This is worse especially when the disapproval and lack of necessary support is also present at the student’s home (Carter, 1999, p. 78).Advertising Looking for dissertation on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Beemyn (2005) students who face disapproval, both in their homes and in campus were the most affected (p. 45). This in most cases results to depression and the student can no longer concentrate with his/ her studies. Depression The negative attention that transgender students receive results to depression. One of the most rampant occurrences is that of transgender students developing stress that deteriorates to depression. These students are abused, mistreated and worst still experience violence directed towards them simply because of their state. When depressed, these students cannot concentrate with their studies and their overall performance is greatly affected. A good example in where a student was insulted by being called a â€Å"fag† and a â€Å"queer† simply because he looks effeminate (Beemyn, 2005, p. 34). This must have been a tough time for the student who had to balance his social identity and his academic work to make sure that he excelled in his endeavors. Such treatment directed on transgender students is a major cause of concern since it is also the biggest cause of depression to the students. Most learning institutions lack enough facilities such as counseling centers to assist transgender students who find themselves caught up in such situations. This further contributes to the depression since the students tend to feel that no one cares for them and that they are all by themselves. Fear of their life after campus Transgender students live with the fear that they may face more problems in the future when they come out of their present institutions (Herbst, Malaney, 1999, p. 43). These fears include the fear that they might not get work in their respective areas of specialization when other people discover the truth about their identities. This is mostly in cases where by the employers or the faculty members might have a phobia and treat them harshly or deny them chances based on their identities. Some institutions in the society have policies that do not tolerate transgender people and the particular student might have interest in the specific area (Lees, 1998, p.23). As given in the example of the Ohio State University by Beemyn, transsexual students wonder and express fear in what to expect in the future, where they strive desperately to have their gender changed in the records to reflect their current appearance. They also express fears about how others will receive them when they get out finding jobs. Because of this fear, these students are always psychologically affected and this worry fills a portion of their minds where they should be receiving new knowledge from their teachers and professors. These worries also confuse some students when it comes to career choice since they become confused as what to do to impress others at the expense of their happiness and personal satisfaction. Sexual harassment and abuse from others There are reported cases in many institutions of higher learning where transgender students are victims of sexual harassment and abuse from their colleagues (Lombardi, Wilchins, Priesling, Malouf, 2001, p. 93). This is mostly in cases where the institutions have no consideration of transgender students especially when it comes to the assigning of amenities such as bathrooms, restrooms and residential halls. A good example is a case where a teacher might force a transsexual student to share a room with a bully who discovers the state of the other student and harasses him or her. Lombardi (2001, p.89) states that these cases have been rampant in most institutions and little has been addressed concerning the efforts that are being put in place to curb such a crime. Due to the fear of attracting unnecessary attention towards themselves, the students who become victims of their situations end up depressed and some result to desperate measures to liberate themselves while keeping it as a secret. There have been cases where by transsexual students who are victims of sexual abuse result into murdering their predators in order to seek their redemption. In fact, most people do not always consider such incidences when dealing with the investigation of such crimes, which leads to the real problems, which the people including teachers and parents leave unsolved by the end of the day. Low self-esteem Institutions such as colleges and universities are supposed to prepare students for the tough challenges of adulthood that people need to address with a lot of self-confidence and esteem. Due to the problems encountered by the transgender students in their social life, it becomes quite difficult for them to develop self-esteem since colleagues and other people they interact with always look down upon them. In some institutions, this is worse to the extent that a transgender student cannot make a class or a school presentation without others booing them (Pusch, 2005, p.62). This makes the students to feel out of place and always lacking the ir own confidence. There are many incidences where transsexual students face a good deal of ridicule from their closest friends because of their state. Since most cannot do a thing to change their current situations, they end up recoiling in themselves and as a result, their composure and overall self-esteem is lowered (Currah, Minter, Green, 2000, p.68). Lack of proper representation In some colleges especially those that are of the conservative type, transgender students face the problem of people not representing them as well as not giving a forum to their problems where they can be addressed (Lees, 1998, p. 41). This results to the problems that they face failing to be addressed fully and they end up collapsing under the weight of their challenges. However, though some institutions claim to represent fully the minority groups, they do not tackle appropriately the issue of transgender students based on their failure to address their problems to satisfaction. Needs of transgender students Full representation To address the issue of transgender students often feeling left out, invisible or underrepresented, the college and campus administrators should incorporate in their systems a more inclusive education program that allows the full participation of transgender students (Lees, 1998, p.43). Lees continues to state that the formation of associations that would act as forums for the students to share their experiences is a major need that any institution that is aimed at improving the environment to suite all groups of students and facilitate their academic excellence cannot disregard (1998, p.54). The programming of activities in the colleges and campuses should be such that they all-inclusive. As argued by Beemyn (2005, p.39), these activities contribute to the development of the students. There should be certain times while the activities should be specially designed to suite the transgender students for the reason of making them feel appreciated and compl etely part of the system. Support In most institutions, people address transgender issues together with that of the lesbian, gays and bisexuals (LGB) (Putsch, 2005, p.112). However, in most cases despite these organizations having the inclusive mandate of addressing the issues of the bisexuals, they end up not solving them by the end of the day. This is mostly the case for transgender students who identify themselves as heterosexuals (Beemyn, 2005, p.56). In order to receive this full support, transgender students need to form their own separate associations that will look into their issues separately to ensure that every issue related to transgender is reviewed and addressed accordingly. This is always possible when there is a supportive climate in the campus (Currah, Minter, Green, 2000). All inclusive policies The evident discriminatory policies in virtually all campuses affect transgender students largely. The situation therefore calls for the need to amend most of the nondiscr imination policies of these institutions that include the selection of the categories of â€Å"sex† or sexual orientation to cover the transgender people. In this case, people should perceive their gender expression rather than their biological gender without any interrogation as the gender identity of the student (Beemyn, 2005, p. 37). Confirming the Love (1999, p.295) states that there are other instances whereby a transgender student wants to change the identity that is currently reflected on their documents. In these instances, the procedure to do so should be an easy one to ensure that they can do so without any form of disapproval or rough interrogation. All inclusive housing in the campus Most institutions have housing policies that assume that all of the students are either male or female. These policies are dangerous in that they discriminate against the transgender students and expose them to ‘trans-phobic’ sexual violence and harassment. Therefore, the responsible people should amend these policies to address the concerns of transgender students especially those who are in the process of transition from one gender to the other. There should be separate residential halls for transgender students rather than simply labeling them as for males and females only (McKinney, 2005, p.102). When the amendment of these policies takes place with the housing of students in campuses becoming all-inclusive, the transgender students will feel appreciated based on the observance of their privacy. When they share halls of residence, they coexist easily with one another since they understand each other. Privacy According to Bochenek and Brown (2001), institutions accommodating transgender students need to accord them the right to privacy whereby their sexual orientation or nature should not form topics of discussion to others (p. 122). The need follows because most unnecessary attentions result to these students feeling uneasy as well as the feelin g of mistreatment by the management who seem to interfere with their privacy rights (Human Rights Watch, 2001, p. 19). This can only happen where the student fraternity as well as other members of the campus society is educated about the nature of transgender students. This deals with the attitudes of disapproval and hatred that can negatively affect these students. One everyone in the campus creates a suitable condition for the transgender student, social life becomes easy and the student feels that s/he is normal and part of the society. Putting aside bathrooms and locker rooms that are designated neither for males nor for females can pass for a good way of ensuring, that the students use the facilities that do not expose them to other people’s curiosities (Rankin, 2003, p.29). The Ease to amend vital identification College records and documents Institutions that harbor transsexual students need to give them the opportunity to amend their names and other vital information i n the college records with ease. They should allow those who decide transition from a particular gender to the other completely by the change of names to do so without any restrictions (Nakamura, 1998, p.102). They should further help them in the process legally or otherwise to avoid incidences whereby the arm of the government might catch them up in compromising situations and have to explain why their names do not reflect their original names or their current gender. The processes of changing important details such as names in vital documents however vary from one state to the other. Some states have cumbersome procedures that require the intervention of the administrators of the school to ensure that the students succeed in the venture. Conclusion Despite the fact that institutions of higher learning should prepare students to become responsible adults, transgender students continue face numerous challenges while in these institutions that include colleges and universities (Brown , Clarke, Gortmaker, Robinson-Keilig, 2005, p.65). These challenges influence negatively on their academic performance and psychologically. In order to address completely the needs of transgender students, it is important first to be aware of the major challenges affecting them. Institutions harboring these students need to give them the chance to excel academically and develop physically, mentally, and spiritually (Bilodeau, 2005, p.40). This can only be reached if all the challenges and needs that they have are addressed accordingly therefore making the environment conducive for their learning. Addressing these issue amounts to upholding their human rights, which make them feel appreciated and supported and given the right environment to make it in life (Carter, 1999, p.72). Otherwise, disability does not imply inability, as these are students like others with equal potential of excelling, not only academically but also in life in general. References List Beemyn, B. (2005). Makin g Campuses more Inclusive of Transgender Students.  Journal of Gay Lesbian issues in Education, 3(1), pp.77-87. Bilodeau, B. (2005). Beyond the Gender Binary: A case Study of two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), pp. 29-44. Bochenek, M., Brown, A. (2001). Hatred in the hallways: Violence and  discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students in U.S. schools. New York: Human Rights Watch. Brown, R., Clarke, B., Gortmaker, V., Robinson-Keilig, R. (2005). Assessing the Campus Climate for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Students using a Multiple Perspectives Approach. In S. R. Rankin, Campus climate for sexual minorities. New Directions for Student Services, 111, pp.17-23. Carter, K. (1999). Transgenderism and College Students: Issues of Gender Identity and  its Role on our Campuses. Toward acceptance: Sexual Orientation Issues on Campus. USA: University Press of Am erica. Currah, P., Minter, S., Green, J. (2000). Transgender equality: A handbook for  activists and policymakers. Washington, DC: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Herbst, S., Malaney, G. (1999). Perceived Value of a Special Interest Residential Program for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Students. NASPA Journal, 36(2), pp.106-109. Human Rights Watch. (2001). Hatred in the hallways: Violence and discrimination  against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students in U.S. schools. New York: Human Rights Watch. Lees, L. (1998). Transgender Students on our Campuses. Working  With Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students: A handbook for Faculty and Administrators. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Lombardi, E., Wilchins, R., Priesling, D., Malouf, D. (2001). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. The Journal of  Homosexuality, 42, pp.89-101. Love, P., (1999). Cultural barriers facing lesbian, gay, bisexual stude nts at a Catholic college. Journal of Higher Education, 69, pp.298–323. McKinney, J., (2005). On the Margins: A Study of the Experiences of Transgender College Students†. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), pp. 58-84. Nakamura, K. (1998). Transitioning on Campus: A case Studies Approach. Working  with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students: A handbook for Faculty and Administrators. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Pusch, R. (2005). Objects of Curiosity: Transgender College Students’ Perception of the Reactions of Others†. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), pp. 45-71. Rankin, S. (2003). Campus Climate for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender  People: A National Perspective. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. This dissertation on Transgender Students on Colleges: Needs and Challenges was written and submitted by user Angela W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Collection Development Policy

Collection Development Policy Executive Summary The paper evaluates Collection Development Policy and its overall benefits to libraries. It starts by introduction and the meaning of Collection Development Policy, its components and benefits. Then there is explanation on the general requirements for successful implementation CDP. Finally there is review and evaluation of the existing stock within the library and conclusion.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Collection Development Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction All libraries have got one primary task of making information available through collection, selection and preservation. Such process is normally made easier through application of relevant policies such as Collection Development policy. The policy assists libraries in organization through effective management of information and other resources (Strong, 1999). Definition of Collection Development Policy A collection devel opment policy presents a written statement of a library’s intention for building collections. The CDP describes collections components including strengths and weaknesses as well as providing clear guidelines for the library employees. The development of the document requires time and careful considerations for the purposes of proving its relevance to the subject. Purpose of CDP The main purpose for a library in normally to sort and provide necessary access to relevant information and resources. Improvement in technology has guaranteed libraries the chance to migrate from holdings method to access strategies which enable information to be provided efficiently and in time. Collection policies are on the increase therefore making libraries prepare in disseminating widely available information (Strong, 1999). Explanation on Collection Development Policy (CDP) The document is expected to provide updated information as well as being flexible when it comes to adapting to various cha nges. At the same time the guidelines provided should be modifiable in line with the library’s collection needs. Consequently, the collection development policy should be placed on the World Wide Web as a resource for the library’s patrons and source of reference for other libraries (Johnson, 1994). Policy statements normally provide parameters through which employees and users of the library work. Collection Development Policy serves purposes such as; selecting materials, describing current collections, and at the same time makes the staff aware of the aims and objectives of the organization. In addition it gives the various priorities attached to different activities and assists in the processing of budget and overall collection management activities. In general terms CDP prevents the library from being controlled by events as well as individual interests. The document also controls the purchase of resources preventing the cases of obtaining resources not in support of the library’s mission (Clayton and Gorman, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Components of a CDP The collection development policy provides the necessary guidance to staff in the process of selecting and deselecting resources for collection. The various processes involved include; acquisition, housing, weeding, retention and archiving, placing all manner of material within their relevant subjects. Such organization helps in reducing the level of bias since all individual selection decisions are guided within the context of the objectives of collection practices. This ultimately assists in identifying and filling the gaps within the responsibilities associated with collection development. Such practices ensure existence of consistency in the process of selection and revision done on materials. Collection Development Policy also helps in defining the purpose and scope of various collections as well as allowing deep evaluation on selection decisions. The guidelines provided makes it easier for the training of new staff and at the same time provides answers to most questions raised by selectors (Johnson, 1994). The collection development policy also provides relevant base necessary for future planning. This assists in planning of the available financial resources making it easier when it comes to priority determination. There is provision for protecting library funds since the policy grants clear guidelines on acquisition bids based on fair allocation of resources. The document in its formal presentation ensures continuity hence of great benefit in acquiring knowledge on collection as well as acting as reminder of library goals and objectives. The defined objectives are helpful in guiding other activities related to collection such as cataloguing, selection and de-selection and other relevant delivery activities (Johnson, 1994). T he other benefit of CDP is that it offers the required public relations amongst the library users, administrators and related funding organizations. The document gives clear objectives indicating the position of the organization on demonstrating accountability and following the stated goals. Relevance of the document is determined by active participation of users and administrators which acts as source of strong relations between library users and the employees. The CDP serves as a contract document between the library and its users and at the same time giving clear functions of the library in terms of collections and various services offered to institutions. It makes it easier for the justification of individual selection based on standard objectives and also makes it possible to reject unwanted materials (Johnson, 1994). Benefits of establishing a written CDP for the Limerick Institute of Technology Library Limerick Institute of Technology Library policy document would identify va rious issues such as the level of access, content, and engagement of the community in which it will be established, also important is the education standards as well as the training programs which assists in achieving the mission and vision. Operating under the strategies of Limerick Institute Library requires specific initiatives for collection development, some of which are explained as below (Shenton, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Collection Development Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CDP will consider increase in the virtual space and easy access to the collections either manually or electronically on a twenty-four hour basis six days a week. This would also entail access to other materials such as Library catalogues and other services. There would be issues on subscription to several relevant electronic databases which would make it easier for clients to access services irrespective of the region where they are stationed free of charge. Creation of more materials through digital processing would be given priority and these would entail cultural materials inform of music, manuscripts as well as pictures. The community would be engaged in online exhibitions and at the same time staff being educated and trained on the rural and remote communities, granting them the opportunity to have the skills required in operation of the internet and usage of online library resources (Shenton, 2005). The library would offer sufficient space for readers making it capable of accommodating many people in one sitting. There would be improved access to collections and exhibition galleries. The project would grant the community the opportunity to access virtual library services with clients capable of adjusting available spaces to suite their needs. The internet services would replace paper-based resources making work and accessibility easier. The method implemented on electronic storage o f information would present various key benefits to Limerick Library some of which include; easier and timely delivery of information enabling clients to access information irrespective of their locations. There would be free access to all Limerick Library catalogues through their website making selection of titles easier to clients. Collection Development Policy would also enable digitisation of heritage resources which enables scanning of various materials such as photographs and maps. This would promote access to wider range of materials which previously proved restrictive. The digitisation also enhances the library’s role in collecting, preserving and access to several materials linked to heritage (Tedd and Large, 2005). However some few challenges are involved which include the right to ownership and access to materials. The problem of digital resources being accessed by anyone from all over the world provided they have authentic entry through database provider. The proc ess of archiving presents some considerable challenge where the relative costs of archive and print versions differ (Tedd and Large, 2005). Requirements for implementation and revision of the CDP The first requirement for the implementation of the CDP is the library’s mission statement, the purpose for which the policy is drafted and the audience it should address. Some of the inclusions the document requires are statements on user groups, types of programs served by the CDP, the nature and size of the collection and detailed budget. The various cooperative agreements on policy and practices are also provided for (Dahl et al, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More General and Narrative Statements General statements would be required for implementation purposes. This comprises the listing of all characteristics which determine the nature of development required for the collection. These include such issues as current situation, acquisitions, the kind of resources involved in form of periodicals, monographs and the like, kind of language applicable, format whether in printed or electronic form, sources of funds, the various policies safeguarding collection and maintenance. Within these important subjects on relevant policies and rights of complaints are all necessary for complete implementation purposes (Evans and Saponaro, 2005). Narrative statements are also important since it helps in defining the library services in relation to the community it serves. The statement should provide for languages and regions as well as intellectual coverage based on chronological order. Also the library units responsible for the collections with the subjects being described based on the library classification scheme is a consideration. And finally the relationship between disciplines and the required policies should be followed for the purposes of acquiring information (Evans and Saponaro, 2005). Subject Profiles Subject profiles are necessary for the purposes of revealing and helping in collection evaluation. This proves important in the process of periodic updating of information reflecting on changing times. The overview of collection strength and intensities is very vital before implementation process. The overview represents the general synopsis on the network’s coordinated collection policy. Such a collection is normally referred to as conspectus report which provdes evaluation on the library’s division, categories and subject. The information is useful in managing library resources hence making it possible to ascertain on relevant decisions required for the general operations of the library (Clayton and Gorman, 2006 ). Review and evaluation of existing stock The library consists of printed books, manuscripts as well as archives of lasting value, antiquarian and modern books for intellectual and historical contents. The existing collection strength include availability of resources such as; History and Literary collections in Irish and other languages, Irish Literature, Celtic studies, Medieval studies, Religion in Ireland, Estate papers, Official Publications, Intellectual history of University College, Law and Comical artefacts. The section on Special Collections and Archives involves collections in different formats which includes; printed materials, manuscripts, facsimile formats, maps, photographs, musical scores as well as microfilm. There are also copies of theses written from higher degree courses which include maters and PhDs fro Limerick Institute of Technology College (Tedd and Large, 2005). All important records generated by Limerick Institute of Technology and which more so relates to the history of the institution are organized and preserved by the institute Archives. All the donations and other internal transfers are generally controlled by agreements as well as necessary transfer procedures. Relevance of overall Special Collections is reviewed for validity purposes (Tedd and Large, 2005). Conclusion The collection methods and techniques are required to ascertain on the depth and strength of the existing collections. The useful techniques required for implementation of CDP are either collection-centered or client-centered. The work of the collection-centered is to assist in examining the content and nature of resources and their information for the purpose of determining their relevance with external standards. On the other hand client centered techniques provides detailed descriptions on the collection’s effectiveness and relevance. The combination of the two techniques during implementation alongside quantitative and qualitative data gathering techn iques provides accurate and reliable results for present and future use. Reference List Clayton, P. Gorman, G.E. 2006. Managing information resources in libraries:  Collection management in theory and practice. London; Library Association Publishing. Dahl, M., Banerjee, K Spalti, M. 2006. Digital libraries: integrating content and  Systems. Oxford: Chandos Publishing Ltd. Evans, G. E. Saponaro, M. Z. 2005. Developing library and information centre  Collections (5th Ed.) Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited. Johnson, P. 1994. Writing Collection Development Policy statements: Getting Started. Technicalities, 14 (6), pp 2-5. Shenton, A. K. 2005. Integration of paper and electronic Resources in school Libraries. The School Librarian, 53 (3), pp 121-123. Strong, R. 1999. A Collection Development Policy incorporating electronic formats.  Journal of interlibrary loan, document delivery information supply, 9(4), pp 53-64. Tedd, L.A. Large, A. 2005. Digital libraries: princi ples and practice in a global  Environment. Munich: Saur Essential Resource Pack Readings

Help Assignment

Help Assignment Help Assignment Help Assignment: Get It On Time If you need some help with any assignment, you have received at your college, do not drag things out, and appeal to our assignment writing service in order you to be able to cope with your assignment according to your deadline and not to face any troubles because of missing it. You see many students make one and the same mistake. When they receive an assignment, which it is rather difficult for them to deal with, they try to do it on their own first, after failing to manage the assignment, they waste their time for nothing, and when the deadline is here, they start the panic and do not know what to do. However, everything is much simpler. If you see that you can not cope with this or that assignment there is no any use in staring at this very assignment for several days. If you have failed to complete your assignment for the first time, you will never be able to do it. This fact is checked by the years of experience. That is why, do not wait until your deadline is here, make use of our custom writing service, and make your assignment to be ready with our help assignment in time: Professional Help With Assignments Our professional assignment writers are able to offer you any help assignment as we have specialists in all the possible spheres and disciplines you may receive assignments in. Just contact one of our representatives and find your own tutor who will gladly give you proper help assignment in any discipline you need. It does not matter which kind of help assignment you need. If you just have questions concerning this or that assignment or if you want the professional writer to complete your assignment for you, you are welcome to receive your help assignment in both of the cases. Our assignment writing company gives you one hundred per cent of guarantee of confidentiality that is why you may use our help assignment without any fear that someone will get to know that you have used our assignment writing service to complete your task instead of writing it on your own. Assignment Help Guarantee We also guarantee the high level of service that is why after you have received our help assignment you can do nothing but gain the highest grade for your assignment completing. Therefore, if some assignment does not let you sleep, appeal to our assignment writing help and get your help assignment. Popular posts: Writing a Term Paper Write a Term Paper Term Papers Essays Term Paper Writing Term Paper Topics

Attitude a Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Attitude a Behavior - Research Paper Example The concept is that attitude is a learned behavior. The hypothesis is to show how they relate and influence each other. Social Psychology Social psychology is concerned with social influences upon the individual. Because it emphasizes the individual, it qualifies as psychology, yet because of its focus on the social situation it has much in common with sociology. Thus the general area where sociology and psychology overlap is called social psychology, although the topic involves far more than simply trying to find common ground between the two disciplines. Myers (1987) has identified three areas of consideration in social psychology: the way people think about one another, how they influence one another, and how they relate to one other. Attitudes Social psychologists are concerned not only with the formation of attitudes but also with how attitudes can be influenced and changed. An attitude is made up of thought, feeling, and a predisposition to act upon that thought and feeling. Sh eer thought is the basis of an opinion. While thought and feeling may technically make up an attitude a third factor, behavior is likely to result. The credibility of the person attempting to change attitudes is an important factor in determining success. The perceived intentions of the communicator are especially important. If intentions are seen as positive, influence will tend to be greater. Some have debated whether one or two-sided presentation is the most effective. Is it better to just present one side of an issue or to give both sides? Research to date indicates that the one-sided approach is more effective if the audience is unintelligent, authoritarian or already in agreement with the stated position. Generally, however, the two-sided approach works better because the presenter sounds more objective (Jones and Brehm, 1970). Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is an inner tension resulting from the attempt to hold two contrasting thoughts at the same time (Festinger 1 957). One of those thoughts may result from behavior therefore, if an attitude contradicts action, dissonance results. When dissonance occurs, the individual tries to relieve that tension by changing opinions, changing actions, or adding new ideas to thinking. Any of these will tend to nullify the cognitive dissonance and reduce tension over the issue. Case study Experiment Festinger demonstrated this concept by having people perform an extremely boring task (turning knobs a quarter –turn on a board). He asked each participant to convince another person, supposedly waiting to take part in the experiment, that it was an interesting task. At this point he offered either one or twenty dollars to the participant for convincing the other person the task would be interesting. Afterward he evaluated those who were paid to see whether they had enjoyed the knob-turning task. While behavioral psychology might suggest that the bigger reward would produce the greatest change, just the op posite occurred; those who received one dollar for lying the most positive about the boring task while those who received twenty dollars changed the least in their attitudes.

Marketing Communications Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Research Paper Example The work at hand considers this point, and in the later sections, the discussion of the importance of complete and detailed communication plan is included. Furthermore, the smart marketing and marketing communication objective has also been discussed. Next to this, the latest developments in marketing communications planning are discussed. In addition, the effective methods of measuring and controlling progress against the marketing communication plan are included. Background on customer’s preference for small cars It is important to consider the essential factors that are driving customers to small cars. Two of the most important factors are gas prices increase and improved vehicle quality (Mintel, 2012). These are the two significant factors particularly in the US small car market because of their link to lifestyle component. As projected, the small car market in the US is expected to pick up 15% in 2014, and it is anticipated to grow 55.8% in unit sales between 2014 and 201 7 (Mintel, 2012). One of the most important ideas in these data or information is the thought that the entire world market for cars has strongly been influenced by the US market. US market has become the leading venue for the car industry in coming up with the latest innovation or models with particular impact on socio-economic and political factors. The rising price for car fuel is one important consideration of the choice for a new design of car with substantial benefits. Citroen C1 is a small car, ideal for city driving (Citroen). City driving may not require long distances for the car to travel, and so it is important to have at least a small one for driving that will not be able to consume more fuel for energy. Improved vehicle quality is another consideration of the consumers. Small cars like Citroen C1 have highly improved quality, making them prominent in the small car market. It is not just about their being ideal for city driving, but these cars are also made to stand out when it comes to their featured quality. Certainly, there are various reasons of the remarkable choices of the target customers for cars, but the bottom line of them all is the idea of acquiring the benefits that they guarantee or offer. Customers are therefore sophisticated when it comes to knowing what cars they need. They know what they want, and they have established needs that car manufacturers will have to address. Customers’ needs are essential consideration most importantly in marketing activities (Haig, 2011; Kotler et al., 1999; Boone & Kurtz, 2006). The bottom line of creating market strategies like product differentiation and innovation is to address the prevailing customers’ needs (Porter, 1998; Schnaars, 1998). However, unknowingly the emancipation of highly differentiated product offerings results to the creation of needs itself. The justification of this claim is quite evident in the cases of product offerings in the market today that are highly differe ntiated and created significant needs as shown in the level of demand that they have generated and so enjoyed for now. The car manufacturing industry is a special case under this issue because this industry tries to connect their decisions to some important concerns taking place in the market or external environment. For instance, the car industry in the UK began to produce hybrid cars in relation to the prevailing issue linked to the environment. In order to at least alleviate

Global Strategy at General Motors Essay Example for Free

Global Strategy at General Motors Essay Company, one of the world’s largest automakers, traces its roots back to 1908 and its annual revenue in 2000 of $185 billion. The company sells 8 million vehicles per years, 3. 2 million of which are produced and market outside of its North America. GM caught 27 percent share of the North America and 9 percent share of the market in the rest of the world as well as GM captured 12 percent share in the Western Europe in 2000 which is second only to that of ford. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 235,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. GM’s largest national market is the United States, followed by China, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Canada, Russia and Germany. GM’s OnStar subsidiary is the industry leader in vehicle safety, security and information services. General Motors Company acquired operations from General Motors Corporation on July 10, 2009, and references to prior periods in this and other press materials refer operations of the old General Motors Corporation. Though GM had a long presence in developing countries, until recently sales there accounted for only a little fraction of the company’s total international business. Traditionally GM used the developing countries as a dumping ground for the obsolete technology and outdated models and earned huge money from this aging investment. This strategy has seen as lack of commitment from top management and GM offered very low quality, made of old product. All decision, plan and marketing decision were centralized by Detroit headquarter and they acted as a market context. GM kept in its mind about the poverty, crime, geographical situation and politics and communism in the developing countries. On the other hand, GM Detroit headquarters kept away GM European operation from other part of the world. And because of this arm’s-length-basis, company had failure to share all the valuable technology, skill and practice among the subsidiaries. But it had appealing market, and high profit opportunities in the Europe. So, GM did tailor the specific market needs because it had worried about blowing off from market if it didn’t tailor the specific market. So, while the GM tight controlled over its operation in the developing country but in the some time GM was too lax in Europe and felt lack of overall strategic coherence. Since 1997, GM has been trying to switch a philosophy that centre of excellence may reside any where in the global operation. An embodiment of this is to set up new four plants in the developing countries with investing $2. billion. And the four plants are identical and they can able to imitate Toyota. At the Eisenach plant, GM leant lean production from Toyota and implemented this. So the plant which productivity rate is at least twice that of most North American assembly operations is most efficient in Europe operation and the best in GM. Although they reach the more scale economics, more efficiency , more synergy, and ability to match local preference, but this strategy are not working because GM still suffers from high costs, low perceive quality. Finally, GM thinks that the push toward global cars is misconceived. At the Opel’s Russelsheim design facility, the German based engineering has uttered concerns that distinctively European engineering features may be left by the wayside in the drive to devise what they see as blander â€Å"global† cars. Question-1: How would you characterize the strategy pursued by GM in the (a) developing world and (b) Europe before 1997? Answer: The question asked to characterize the strategy pursued by GM in the developing world and in Europe before 1997. So, first of all it is very important to notice that in this question we have two important information for discussion: First information: there are two main market areas for GM’s international operations: Europe and the developing world which is made up of Latin America, Asia and eastern Europe and the strategy pursued in these two markets are totally different. Second information is that there’s a key date in GM’s history which is 1997. This date is an important turnaround for GM. Strategy in developing countries before 1997 The fact: †¢Outdated low cost products were selected for developing countries. †¢All the strategic decision, marketing and manufacturing plans were centralized by Detroit headquarter †¢Low commitment policy was there since GM select developing countries as a dumping ground for obsolete technology and outdated models The context: †¢The main context in the developing countries is the political and economical instability. †¢Low expanse capability of the developing countries as they are poor. †¢Low growth perspectives. The strategy: Decision to produce and sell low cost models that were considered outdated developed world. Added benefit of extending the return on investment of previous decade’s investments. †¢This allowed generating a continuous cash flow to be invested in more appealing markets like Europe. †¢Probably willingness is not to share valuable technologies and skills in countries with low patent protection. The Result: market sha re less than 8. 9% The strategy pursued in the developing markets before 1997 was a very low commitment from the top management towards the developing markets. This means that the product offer was very low quality, made of old products that would have not been sellable in a competitive, developed market like the US or western Europe. From the case we also noticed that all the strategic, planning and marketing decisions were centralized in the Detroit headquarter. So, this means that the top management didn’t consider important to have a direct contact with those markets and didn’t want â€Å"trust† local subsidiaries to manage on their own. They thought they could manage the developing market from their desks in Detroit. Lack of initiative or just plain Yankee arrogance weren’t the main reasons. We think the GM management acted accordingly to the market context. In fact to understand their strategy, we must keep in mind that the geopolitical situation before the nineties in South America had instability both in politics and economy, poverty, crime and sometimes civil wars. In Eastern Europe and Asia: communism was also known as not favorable to American capitalists. The choice of a low profile strategy was the only chance at these conditions and there were low risk, low investment, low commitment but also low return. The market share of GM’s vehicles in these markets was very little but, considering the amount of resources invested, it’s not bad at all. After all, this low-cost strategy allowed GM to extend the life of obsolete products without risking to loose valuable resources in risky states. And most important, generating some cash to be invested in more appealing markets like Europe. Strategy in Europe before 1997 The context: †¢Strong local competitors †¢Strong cultural identity †¢Differences in preferences compared to US †¢Tight urban space The pursued strategy: †¢Need to totally design, produce and sell different models( compared to US) †¢Huge investment. Allowed to produce state of the art vehicles featuring the ultimate technology and design tailored to the local customers. †¢Loose control by Detroit headquarter and wide freedom to regional and national subsidiaries( strategy planning, designing of cars and facilities were managed on their own) The Result: †¢11. 3% market share second only to Ford †¢Lack of an overall strategic coherence. Inability to leverage synergies And here we go with the second part of the question: strategy in Europe before 1997. Here everything is different. We have an appealing market, high profit opportunities, demanding customers and strong competitors. In Europe you can’t even imagine to sell the same cars you sell in America. First of all because there’s not enough space: streets are smaller, plain and simple. Second, because people have very different preferences compared to US and third because if you don’t tailor the cars to the specific market needs, local competitors will blow you off in a minute. And you’ll be out of the game. So here’s how GM managed the European operations: They gave local subsidiaries freedom to design, produce and sell new models. Impact of pre 1997 strategy In developing countries: †¢Inability to respond to market needs †¢Mediocre from a competitive point of view but decent from a financial point of view In Europe: †¢Good response to market needs †¢High costs †¢Good from a competitive point of view but very expensive and not much efficient To summarize Pressure for cost reduction was high in developing countries not because of competitors but mainly because of poverty. In Europe, compared to developing countries, customers have a high expenditure capability so if a pressure for cost reduction exists, it’s due to competition but still it’s not comparable to that in the developing world. That’s why we’ve put it in the lower end of the axis. Question-3: How would you characterize the strategy that GM has been pursuing since 1997? How should this strategy affect GM’s ability to create value in the global automobile market?

Looking at Two Paintings in the Boulder Public Library :: Personal Narrative Writing

Looking at Two Paintings in the Boulder Public Library I love to kill time. It was once said by a wise man that the one thing we’re all given an equal amount of is time, and how we use this time is what will ultimately determine the course of our lives. These days, there are plenty of instructions for those who are still unsure how to use time. â€Å"We need revision .02 living with upgraded busyness. So download the latest groupware and be sure to e-wire all those efforts to the 5 to 9 and 27/4 multitaskers.† At least it’s something like that, I can ususally pay attention until they start in with the math. At any rate, it’s needless to say that instead of working late to pay for a bigger roof, I prefer to leave early and catch the setting sun. Instead of spending Saturday morning taped to a desk, I prefer to wander the wide aisles of the local library, where coincidentally, this paper takes place. A library is like a compact, concrete garden of the globe. Where all the world’s diverse words are arranged by their type and placed in orderly rows. Now, Boulder is known somewhat for its diversity, and the library doesn’t stick out here for that reason. It’s more like the official logo stamped on the place, the swoosh under the Nike lettering. Here it was that wandering round the bookstacks, I came to a section of wall that had two paintings on it. They were both painted by the same two people, Leo and Diane Dillon, in the same year, 1978. Having paid the bills, and stocked the fridge some weeks previous, I was pleased to realize I had a little time to kill and could afford a closer look. The first painting, the one on the left, is entitled â€Å"Owl Woman†. The woman is sitting against an orange backdrop in a wide, deep brown dress that flows off the lower left hand corner of the painting. On her right hand is a rough leather glove, where perches a little orange and white owl. Her left hand is ungloved and is nestled in her lap. Worn around her head and down her shoulders all the way until it seems to be perched in her lap is the semi-transparent image of a gigantic owl. The owl’s head itself is not transparent, and is worn over the woman’s head like a snug bonnet. The woman’s face is clearly visible.

Designing a Wellness Program Essay

1.When a health promotion specialist begins the task of designing a wellness program the first and most important step is performing a needs assessment. An important part of the needs assessment is collecting data. There are two main types of data. One is primary data. This is data that you obtain yourself from the population you intend to serve. Examples of primary data are: administer surveys by written or electronic questionnaires, telephone interviews, electronic interviews, face-to-face interviews, Delphi technique, community forums, focus groups, observation, and self assessments. This data is current and straight from the target population with specific information to answer planner’s questions. Negatives for this type of data mainly includes: cost, time, manpower. All of these methods of collecting primary data have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. However, one must examine the intangibles that are associated with each method on an individual program by p rogram basis (McKenzie, Neiger, & Thackeray, 2009). The second form of data one may obtain is termed secondary data. This is data that has already been obtained by someone else and is readily available. Sources include governmental agencies, nongovernmental agencies and organizations, and data available in the literature. Examples of governmental source data from the CDC, FDA, and others would be: census data, health and vital statistics, behavioral risk factors, and cancer statistics. Nongovernmental sources like the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and others can offer information and statistics on topics such as: cancer, heart disease, lung disease, stroke, and many more. Data from literature sources that are peer-reviewed such as Medline and ETHXWeb can be valuable tools to help identify the needs of one’s specific population. This data is generally inexpensive, easier to obtain, usually summarized, and requires less resources to collect. The largest negative to this data is it is not specifically from the target population and therefore might not be applicable one’s target population. How the data was obtained, from whom it was obtained, and a number of other variables can change how valuable data may be for one’s specific target population. Secondary data can also be a great source to help one construct survey instruments to obtain similar data that is straight from your target population (McKenzie, Neiger, & Thackeray, 2009). 2.After working for 16 years I’ve come to the conclusion that most of my colleagues and myself have fallen into two categories, overweight or obese. Unfortunately this is a statewide and a national problem. My solution is to start a walking campaign for TCC employees that will help fight obesity. The first step would be to perform a needs assessment to see if there is an actual obesity problem at my college. This would entail identifying types of information that might help me answer the question of obesity at TCC. My first action would be to contact the person in charge of employee health at TCC and see if there is any secondary data collected from the employees that would be useful for this endeavor or to see if anything similar has ever been attempted at TCC. I would also perform a literature search on walking programs and obesity. Another source of secondary data might include health screenings or other health information obtained from TCC employees. Of course this could be a problem in regards to Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). Other secondary sources that could be utilized are: the Tarrant County Public Health, Texas Department of State Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Healthy People.gov. All secondary data would need to be reviewed for its usefulness and how current the information is that would be utilized. Primary data would allow me to collect current data from the target population. Primary data could be collected by internet surveys, mailing surveys, telephone surveys, and organizing focus groups (Fitzhugh, 2012). The next step would be how to collect the data for the assessment. My first action would to ask some colleagues for assistance. We would then break up the work of obtaining the secondary data via the internet and making some phone calls to key personnel to see what data was available. We would obtain all the data we could from the secondary data sources stated prior. In addition, with the college’s approval, I would send out at a Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) survey via e-mail through the college’s mailing system. If needed, I would use the intercampus mail system to send out the HRA survey. I would also organize focus groups to obtain more primary data. And most importantly I would obtain information from the leaders at TCC via surveys or interviews (Fitzhugh, 2012). The third step would be the actual collection of the data. This would take organization, effort, and time. I would first need to gain approval from my superiors at the college to get time off, obtain staff, and obtain funds to collect the data. Obtaining staff might be achieved through volunteerism. Volunteers would not only assist in collecting the data, but would aid in entering and managing data. Funds might be granted from the leaders at the college from various funding sources or even from the county or state levels (Fitzhugh, 2012). The fourth step would involve analyzing the data to profile the actual needs of the TCC employees. For my program the data would need to show that there is a weight problem and that lack of exercise is a key element that could help address this health issue. This would involve organizing the data and comparing our population to the region, state, and even national levels. This would also include both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data obtained where reliability and validity would be assessed (Fitzhugh, 2012). The last step would be to prioritize and validate the needs of TCC employees. We could perform this by ranking the health issues in order of importance as reported. We could establish a Basic Priority Rating (BPR) which takes into account the size of the problem, seriousness of the problem, effectiveness of possible interventions, and lastly is the intervention doable. One additional method would be to take the data back to a focus group or advisory panel and prioritize by importance and potential for change. Through these processes we may find that there are other larger concerns for TCC employees. One could waste a lot of time, effort, and funds if a proper and thorough assessment is not completed prior to initiating a health promotion program (Fitzhugh, 2012). References Fitzhugh, E. C. (2012). mms://mediasrv1.ccs.ua.edu/CCS-AO2/HHE667-2/module4/667_Video_8.wmv McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., & Thackeray, R. (2009). Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: A primer (5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

Weight Loss Intervention Programs Health And Social Care Essay

Outline: This is a 5 page project- APA format, discoursing weight loss intercession plans for rural African American adult females. The plan assess rural African American adult females of age group 45- 60 with an purpose of developing and implementing weight loss care preparation plan for the group. It so develops, implements and evaluates the plan. The paper relies on 4 beginnings. Weight Loss Maintenance Training Program for Rural African American Women Aged 45-60 Rationale of the Undertaking Rural African American adult females are disproportionally affected by fleshiness and are at hazard of many diseases that are accelerated by fleshiness. Weight loss and care is the cardinal solution to this job ( Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Johnson, 2000 ) . Surveies have shown that despite the fact that 70 % of African American adult females want to lose weight, merely 50 % are actively seeking to lose weight and that African American adult females practically lose less weight than other cultural groups ( Mack, Anderson, Galuska, Zablotsky, Holtzman and Ahluwalia, 2000 ) .Studies have farther shown that such adult females engage in weight loss methods for shorter periods of clip. ( Ard, Rosati and Oddone, 2000 ) observes that there is great demand to increase apprehension of weight loss care among African American adult females, usage evocation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight l oss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females aged 40- 60 Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance for Rural African- American Women Care of weight loss among rural African Americans is of import because organic structure weight is a factor in etiology and direction of many diseases for which fleshiness and corpulence are lending factors such as diabetes and its complications. Weight decrease contributes to reduced insulin opposition, a decrease in impaired glucose tolerance and accordingly a better direction of diabetic complications ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Anderson, et Al ( 1997 ) further indicates that surveies measuring organic structure form, size and organic structure satisfaction have shown that rural African American adult females prefer larger organic structures than those preferred by white adult females and besides, rural African American adult females have significantly big organic structures than their white opposite numbers. In these surveies, African- American adult females thought of their big organic structure sizes to be more attractive to the opposite sex and healthier than age matched white adult females. It is clear from these surveies that African- American adult females had more positive perceptual experiences of their big organic structures and were less likely to lose and keep weight loss because they considered dieting patterns as harmful patterns related to binge-eating syndrome and anorexia. Lieberman et Al, ( 2003 ) clearly shows that aged rural African American adult females were 0.6 times every bit likely to experience guilty after gorging, 0.4 seasonably as likely to diet and 2.5 times every bit likely to be satisfied with their weight and 2.7 times every bit likely to see themselves attractive. In a big sample of aged adult females, 40 % of corpulence and corpulent African – American adult females were aged 25- 64 and they considered themselves to be really attractive or attractive. It has besides been established that African American adult females who are overweight selected a desirable organic structure size that is significantly smaller than they perceived their current size to be ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Based on these surveies, it is of import for fleshiness intervention plans to see cognitive facet and organic structure image perceptual experiences in their design of effectual weight loss and weight loss care intercessions. This forms the footing of this plan. Undertaking Plan This undertaking is designed to make consciousness of weight loss care to rural African – American adult females. The plan marks adult females of ages 40-60 and will be implemented throughout different selected local community centres in two Florida rural communities to guarantee that a broad population is covered. The plan will be implemented by societal wellness workers, who will develop selected 20 African- American adult females from each of the two Florida rural communities chosen on importance of weight loss care utilizing elicitation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight loss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females. The trained adult females will so develop other African- American adult females of ages 40 – 60. This plan will last for a period of 16 months, including 8 moths rating period, whereby selected participants will be evaluated on the footing of their wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Undertaking Execution The plan seeks to educate the selected group on significance of weight loss care and its benefits. Trainers will actively affect selected group in treatments on fleshiness, weight loss and care of weight loss in order to understand their perceptual experiences on this subject before educating them on wellness hazards and dangers associated with fleshiness and corpulence, while doing usage of practical illustrations. During the preparation, perceptual experiences of organic structure size in older rural African- American adult females in two rural Florida communities will be assessed through web sampling. Ten persons in their 40 ‘s, ten in their 50 ‘s and ten in their 60 ‘s will be chosen to take part in 8 month rating of place direction schemes for weight loss care. The survey will measure wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Photographs of participants will be taken to measure organic structure images. Body images will be presented in four sets of exposure enlarged or reduced in size utilizing an anamorphic lens to find if the organic structure weight will be above or below the desirable weight based on consensus of geriatric doctors. The weight classs will be classified as really thin, thin, normal, corpulent and really corpulent. Participants will be asked to depict these images, based on 12 properties, viz. : attracti on, wellness, organic structure size, cooking ability, likeliness of high blood pressure, politeness, success, felicity, desirable organic structure size, worrying behaviour and friendliness. By actively affecting members of selected group, trainers will discourse current behaviour, beliefs and misconceptions that have contributed to big per centums of corpulent and fleshy instances among rural African American adult females and come up with a manner frontward through active engagement of both the trainers and the group being trained to develop a questionnaire that can be used for single appraisal of weight loss care to guarantee efficiency and success of the full undertaking. Undertaking Evaluation Undertakings success will be evaluated based on informations obtained during 8 moths single rating. Using photographic organic structure images, each of the 12 properties will be assessed to give per centum of those who will hold maintained their organic structure weight loss throughout the plan. Teaching and Learning Principles Used In implementing this undertaking, trainers bear in head that grownups are independent and self directed. They will therefore put the persons being trained free to direct themselves. Trainers will actively affect members in larning procedure and service as facilitators for them. Trainers will let participants to presume duty for presentations and group leading. Facilitators besides understand that participants have accumulated a foundation of life experiences and cognition, and will therefore demand to link this preparation to participants knowledge and see base. Trainers will bear in head that they are covering with a group of grownups, who are end and relevance oriented and must clearly see the ground for this plan. Trainers will hence hold to do this acquisition applicable to existent life state of affairss of the group Undertaking Evaluation Upon completion of the undertaking, its success will be evaluated, based on the undermentioned standards: . . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and tendencies in fleshiness among US grownups, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002 ; 288 ( 14 ) :1723-7. Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ. Culturally-sensitive weight loss plan produces important decrease in weight, blood force per unit area, and cholesterin in eight hebdomads. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 ; 92 ( 11 ) :5 ANDERSON, L. A. , G. R. JANES, D. C. ZIEMER, L. S. PHILLIPS, Diabetes Educ. , 23 ( 1997 ) 301. L. S. Lieberman et Al. : Body Image in Women with NIDDM, Coll. Antropol. 27 ( 2003 ) 1: 79-86 Sites hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219715/

7 Typical Mistakes in Essay Writing

7 Typical Mistakes in Essay Writing When writing essay for college or university, students often face a great brain fog and practical hurdles that knack them from writing a good quality essay. Students make many mistakes while doing essay writing. Top 7 typical mistakes in essay writing include: Poor objective planning that leads to many more problems in essay writing Poor selection of topic and main content areas Poor understanding of selected topic and content areas. Such poor ideation further makes complex and completed thinking blocks that hinder the progress of writing. Inappropriate available sources and references are also responsible for the poor quality and bad impression in essay writing. Lack of writing skills can be a trouble for few who don’t believe in themselves and are afraid of writing at their own. Such fears give birth to many other problems and it ones one of the 7 typical mistakes in essay writing. Inappropriate technical assistance and lack of grammatical approach is another mistake that causes mistakes in essay writing. Many students make mistake of applying grammar and spell checks inappropriately that further reduces the impression of their write-ups.

5 Ways to Reduce Workplace Stress and Live a Happier Life

5 Ways to Reduce Workplace Stress and Live a Happier Life A whopping 83 percent of Americans feel workplace stress, according to a recent study of work and stress. Topping the list of stresses in the workplace? Workload claims a staggering 46 percent, followed by people issues (28 percent), work/life balance (20 percent), and lack of job security (six percent). But just because stress is prevalent doesn’t mean it has to be a fact of life. Consider these five simple ways to reduce your stress and lead a happier, more fulfilling professional life. 1. Prioritize, Prioritize, PrioritizeThe research is in, and it may surprise you. While you may take great pride in your ability to multitask, science suggests that it’s probably doing you more harm than good. Stanford scientists have determined that attempting to process more than one stream of information at a time is not only less productive than you think, but also leads to impaired cognitive function.Rather than attempting to do everything at once, prioritize your work and stick t o a schedule for best results. Avoid distractions like email alerts, text messages, and other tasks not immediately related to the job at hand.2. Speak UpYour manager and coworkers have their own professional goals to meet. So who is your best advocate in the workplace? The answer is simple: you are. Many bosses will keep piling on responsibilities in the workplace equivalent of a game of â€Å"Chicken.† Don’t let that happen.Instead, speak up if you are overwhelmed with work. He/she may be able to assign the project to a different worker, or extend the deadline. Maintaining open lines of communication with your boss also demonstrates initiative, whereas missing deadlines and turning in shoddy or incomplete work shows a lack of professionalism.3. Clear Away ClutterClutter is more than just an eyesore. Research from the Princeton University Neuroscience Institute shows that it can also detrimentally impact your ability to process information and focus. To optimize your performance, clear away all clutter from your work environment. You’ll not only be more productive, but also less irritable - a benefit for you and your coworkers alike.4. Seek Completion, Not PerfectionWhen time is tight and tasks are many, striving for perfection - which may or may not be attainable - stands in the way of your ultimate goal: completion. Performance anxiety can be immobilizing.Rather than giving in to the quest for perfection, accept your best effort and move one. If you’re stuck on a task, take a break. A brisk walk or healthy snack can help you recharge, push through, and wrap up.5. Plan AheadWhen six o’clock rolls around, you may still have a pile of paperwork through which to plow. Take a minute to pat yourself on the back by reflecting on the day’s accomplishments. Then inventory what remains to be done in order of important. This will not only leave you with valuable peace of mind, but can also help you get the next work day off to a great start.While workplace stress is a reality for millions of Americans, there are ways to take control and turn the tables. These five tips can help you enjoy an enhanced quality of life - both in and out of the office.

Week 2 posts 6340 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 posts 6340 - Assignment Example ver wonder who exactly the target audience is since you have mentioned the employees of McDonalds and also the customers and hence am a bit confused, please clarify about the target group and especially those that will be having free check-up of their blood pressure (Dougherty, 2011). Volunteering is not an easy task and especially when it has to do with teaching patients due to the differences in educational backgrounds and hence what you are doing is really honorable and I encourage you to continue and even recruit other nursing students to follow in that good cause (Scheetz, 2000). I also admire the electronic medical recording as I know how efficient it is and makes easier the work of especially nurses. Cancer is a killer disease and any helping hand extending towards furthering research about it and especially by a profession is highly appreciable. The participation by leadership is truly admirable cause. Kudos and continue with the same spirit to raise more funds not only for cancer but also other killer diseases as well which need more research (Pape, 2000). American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (1999). Defining scholarship for the discipline of nursing. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship Pape, T. (2000). â€Å"Boyers model of scholarly nursing applied to professional development. Association of Operating Room Nurses.† AORN Journal, 71(5), 995-9, 1001-3. Retrieved from

Building a Strong Brand Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Building a Strong Brand - Case Study Example Within the industry some are questioning the long-term strategy of confectionery in the Nestl group, after the company announced that it wants to position itself as a "health, nutrition and wellness company". Competition - Nestl owns more than 25% of the L'Oral beauty business. When L'Oral purchased The Body Shop in May 2006, L'Oral handed back a 14% stake in the fair trade Day Chocolate Company, formally held by The Body Shop. Nestl has been dogged with adverse publicity surrounding its ethics in baby milk production, and it would seem that a share in The Day Chocolate company would have been untenable. Nestl launched a fair trade coffee, Partners' Blend, in 2005, which may signal a company intention to enter the fair trade chocolate market. Product Strategy - Nestl appears to be following a different premium strategy, bundling non-edible products to enhance gift status and encourage price trade up. To some degree this may be due to an over-reliance on child-targeted products and character licences in the portfolio. However, by offering non-edible components the amount of chocolate is limited and products might be perceived as healthier, thereby dovetailing into the over-arching Nestl Strategy towards health. Across the child-targeted everyday chocolate products, Nestl has followed a strategy of reformulating recipes to replace artificial ingredients with natural flavouring and colouring. This is a different aspect to the wider healthy eating agenda. Brand offering/product portfolio A large range of seasonal products are available, with a strong presence in novelties. Nestl uses the boxed chocolate brands to offer seasonal packaging formats and purchases character licences to offer products targeted to children. Easter - Value-added non-edible gifts are being added to products as an alternative strategy to encourage premium trade up. For Easter 2006, Nestle mugs and games featured on a Yorkie Subbuteo football egg and also a Milkybar Buckaroo egg. Christmas - The chunky chocolate brand Yorkie follows a masculine strategy and this was used for several Christmas products. 'Hot Stuff' was a rum flavoured version launched for the winter season 2005. A pint glass filled with Yorkie chunks, and a roulette game featuring a spicy chocolate were also available. Nestl claim that the products satisfied men's most popular hobbies of drinking and eating spicy food. Other occasions - A packaging strategy is used on the Yorkie brand to